每種機械設備的使用價值中都包括維修和保養,如何讓破碎機的壽命(ming)延(yan)長,在維修過程中應該(gai)注意哪(na)些問題?這要用戶多了(le)解(jie)說明書,搜集一些破碎機(ji)方(fang)面的資料,一位機(ji)械(xie)操作(zuo)(zuo)者要相(xiang)當于廠家的技(ji)術人(ren)員,不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)在操作(zuo)(zuo)時熟練(lian),是(shi)出(chu)故障也應該(gai)了(le)解(jie)是(shi)哪(na)里(li)的原(yuan)因,這樣不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)能提高(gao)操作(zuo)(zuo)者的技(ji)術還能更好地保證機(ji)械(xie)的正常(chang)工作(zuo)(zuo)。以下(xia)的操作(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)能幫助操作(zuo)(zuo)者帶在工作(zuo)(zuo)中得心應手。
1、要(yao)(yao)多實踐,要(yao)(yao)敢于動手(shou),善于動手(shou)
對于(yu)操作(zuo)人員來(lai)說,要(yao)(yao)膽大心(xin)細(xi),要(yao)(yao)敢(gan)于(yu)動(dong)(dong)手,只會(hui)講,不(bu)動(dong)(dong)手,修(xiu)不(bu)好(hao)數控(kong)機床(chuang)。但是(shi)要(yao)(yao)熟情況(kuang)再動(dong)(dong)手,不(bu)要(yao)(yao)盲(mang)目,否(fou)則會(hui)擴大故障,造成事(shi)故,后果(guo)不(bu)堪設想。同時我(wo)們(men)還要(yao)(yao)善于(yu)動(dong)(dong)手,首先要(yao)(yao)上機熟悉機床(chuang)的(de)(de)操作(zuo)面板(ban)和各菜單的(de)(de)內容(rong),做好(hao)操作(zuo)自如(ru),因為各種型號及(ji)系(xi)統操作(zuo)是(shi)一樣的(de)(de)。同時也要(yao)(yao)充分利用數控(kong)機床(chuang)的(de)(de)自診斷技術來(lai)迅(xun)速地處理(li)解(jie)決故障。現在數控(kong)技術越發展,則自診能力(li)越來(lai)越強。比如(ru)破碎機A一B10系(xi)統,有專用診斷軟件,可連網(wang)診斷等。
2、要多實踐,學會(hui)使用有關(guan)儀器
比如示波(bo)器(qi)、萬用表(biao)、在線(xian)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)檢(jian)測儀、短路(lu)檢(jian)查儀、電(dian)(dian)腦、編(bian)程器(qi)等能(neng)夠幫助我們具體(ti)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)判斷、檢(jian)查,特別是PLC編(bian)程器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)腦、要熟練使用,可(ke)自由(you)輸入、輸出機床參數,在線(xian)測試(shi)有關狀態,系統初(chu)始(shi)化(hua)等。這對(dui)分(fen)析(xi)故障(zhang),特別是復雜故障(zhang),解決問題有很大幫助。
3、要多實(shi)踐,培養(yang)自己(ji)的動手能力和掌握實(shi)驗技能
有時有些故障看起來很模糊,分不清是電氣故障還是機械故障,比如制砂機發生過這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障,即開Z軸(zhou)(zhou)無論是(shi)(shi)向上升,還(huan)是(shi)(shi)向下(xia)降,Z軸(zhou)(zhou)滑枕總(zong)是(shi)(shi)向下(xia)移動而報(bao)警。我們采用了(le)“分開法”,把電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制與(yu)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)路完全(quan)分開,把Z軸(zhou)(zhou)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接線端(duan)子上的(de)(de)(de)(de)線拆下(xia),另通直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(可由交(jiao)流220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)過調壓器(qi)經過4只二(er)極管(guan)整流給出(chu))接到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)二(er)端(duan),發現電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)能(neng)根據(ju)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)極性的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)換能(neng)改(gai)變(bian)旋轉(zhuan)去向,排除了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣故障,再(zai)檢查(cha)發現是(shi)(shi)由于機(ji)械磨擦片打滑滑枕下(xia)垂所致。其它還(huan)有很多(duo)方法,比(bi)(bi)如“隔離法”、“置換法”、“對比(bi)(bi)法”、“敲擊法”等方法都可以作為一種(zhong)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段來幫助我們尋找(zhao)、排除故障。
4、要多實踐,進行(xing)“小改(gai)小革”
往往在(zai)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)中發生某(mou)一元件損壞(huai)(如選擇開(kai)(kai)關、按(an)鈕、繼電器等(deng))而(er)暫(zan)無(wu)備件時(shi),自己動(dong)手(shou)盡可能(neng)用粘合法(fa)(fa)等(deng)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)修(xiu)復或采用暫(zan)時(shi)的特殊辦(ban)法(fa)(fa),使(shi)機床(chuang)(chuang)能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)下(xia)去,等(deng)到備件來后(hou)再恢復。比如德(de)國VDF數控大車的第2刀(dao)背中有5只夾緊用的微(wei)型壓力開(kai)(kai)關,其中2只微(wei)型開(kai)(kai)關不(bu)慎損壞(huai),而(er)無(wu)備件,我們采用了(le)“短(duan)接法(fa)(fa)”,使(shi)壓力開(kai)(kai)關的觸點符合PLC的輸入條(tiao)件,使(shi)機床(chuang)(chuang)不(bu)報(bao)警(jing)又能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)下(xia)去了(le)。有時(shi)機械使(shi)用時(shi)間長后(hou),定位精(jing)度差了(le),產生了(le)定位報(bao)警(jing),在(zai)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)重新調整機床(chuang)(chuang)的情況(kuang)下(xia)可暫(zan)時(shi)修(xiu)正(zheng)機床(chuang)(chuang)參數,加大“公差”帶,使(shi)之(zhi)能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo),總之(zhi),這樣的辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)還很(hen)多。
5、要多實踐(jian),要自己動手修(xiu)板(ban)子(zi)
一(yi)(yi)般說來數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)可(ke)靠性好(hao),故(gu)(gu)(gu)障率極(ji)低,一(yi)(yi)般去檢查數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床時(shi),不(bu)(bu)要(yao)先(xian)懷疑板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)子(zi)(zi)的(de)問題(ti)。比(bi)如(ru)西門(men)子(zi)(zi)850系(xi)統,有(you)時(shi)會出(chu)現(xian)(xian)41NC-CPU報(bao)警(jing)或43PLC-CPU報(bao)警(jing),實(shi)際上(shang)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)子(zi)(zi)有(you)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障,可(ke)以通(tong)過拆拔法(fa),NC初始化(hua),冷(leng)熱啟動PLC等方(fang)法(fa)反復(fu)試(shi)驗一(yi)(yi)般可(ke)以排除(chu)。若確實(shi)證明是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)問題(ti)時(shi),要(yao)進行修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)。這些板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(一(yi)(yi)般無(wu)圖紙)價格(ge)昂貴,一(yi)(yi)般要(yao)幾千元─幾萬元,對(dui)于每個(ge)企業(ye)來說“備(bei)件難”,價格(ge)太貴了,備(bei)不(bu)(bu)起,因(yin)此數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)好(hao)壞(huai)極(ji)為重要(yao),一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)損壞(huai)而無(wu)備(bei)件,一(yi)(yi)時(shi)又修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)不(bu)(bu)好(hao),勢必會停機(ji)(ji)(ji),嚴重影(ying)響生產。有(you)時(shi)往往電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)極(ji)小的(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障,只(zhi)要(yao)認真檢查,不(bu)(bu)難發現(xian)(xian)問題(ti),我們已多次發現(xian)(xian)個(ge)別電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)子(zi)(zi)虛焊、短路(lu)(lu)(lu)等故(gu)(gu)(gu)障,有(you)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障比(bi)較復(fu)雜,但是(shi)(shi)只(zhi)要(yao)化(hua)時(shi)間,通(tong)過用儀(yi)器檢查,還是(shi)(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)好(hao)的(de);但還有(you)部分(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)情況嚴重,特別是(shi)(shi)大(da)規模集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu),維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)困難,加(jia)上(shang)原器件無(wu)備(bei)件,只(zhi)能(neng)提早(zao)買備(bei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)或送出(chu)去修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。自己動手修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)子(zi)(zi),有(you)很大(da)好(hao)處(chu),一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面可(ke)以為企業(ye)節(jie)約成本,解決燃眉之急,另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面可(ke)以“解剖麻雀”熟悉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu),培(pei)養自己的(de)分(fen)(fen)析判斷和動手能(neng)力是(shi)(shi)非常有(you)益(yi)的(de)。
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